10-Q

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_______________ to _______________

Commission File Number: 001-39103

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware	82-1685768
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)
2929 Arch Street, Suite 600	19104
Philadelphia, PA
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (267) 759-3100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share

CABA

The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 4, 2023, the registrant had 39,805,032 shares of common stock, $0.00001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	4
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Balance Sheets	4
	Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	5
	Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	6
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	34
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	94
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	94
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	94
Item 5.	Other Information	94
Item 6.	Exhibits	96
Signatures		97

Summary of the Material and Other Risks Associated with Our Business

•

We are a clinical-stage company with a limited operating history, have incurred significant losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

•

We are highly dependent on our relationship with University of Pennsylvania, or Penn, for research and development activities, key technology and our current manufacturing needs for our Phase 1 clinical trial of DSG3-CAART, or the DesCAARTesTM trial, and our planned clinical trials for CABA-201, and if Penn’s manufacturing capacity is reduced or otherwise delayed or limited, this could adversely impact enrollment in our DesCAARTesTM trial or our planned CABA-201 trials.

•

We are reliant on intellectual property licensed to us by Penn and IASO, and termination of one of these license agreements would result in the loss of significant rights, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our current product candidates and technologies or any future product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

•

We will need to raise substantial additional funding before we can expect to complete development of any of our product candidates or generate any revenues from product sales.

•

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

•

If we are unable to successfully develop our current programs into a portfolio of product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not realize the full commercial potential of our current and future product candidates.

•

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our DesCAARTesTM trial, our Phase 1 clinical trial for MuSK-CAART, or the MusCAARTesTM trial, or future clinical trials, including our planned clinical trials for CABA-201, these clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

•

If we are unable to advance our product candidates through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

•

Results of earlier studies may not be predictive of future study or trial results, and we may fail to establish an adequate safety and efficacy profile to conduct clinical trials or obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.

•

If serious adverse events, undesirable side effects or unexpected characteristics are identified during the development of any of our product candidates, we may need to delay, abandon or limit our further clinical development of those product candidates.

•

Manufacturing and administering our product candidates is complex and we may encounter difficulties in technology transfer from Penn to a contract manufacturing organization.

•

Our product candidates are uniquely manufactured. If we, Penn, WuXi or any third-party manufacturers encounter difficulties in manufacturing our product candidates, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or, if licensed, for commercial sale, could be delayed or stopped, or we may be unable to maintain a commercially viable cost structure.

•

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

•

We may establish our own manufacturing facility and infrastructure in addition to or in lieu of relying on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates, which will be costly and time-consuming, and which may not be successful.

•

Our future success depends in part upon our ability to retain our key employees, consultants and advisors and to attract, retain and motivate other qualified personnel.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains express or implied forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events or our future operational or financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

the success, cost and timing and conduct of our clinical trial program, including our clinical trial of DSG3-CAART, or the DesCAARTesTM trial, our Phase 1 clinical trial of MuSK-CAART, or the MusCAARTesTM trial, our planned clinical trials for CABA-201, and our other product candidates, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of the clinical trials and the period during which the results of the clinical trials will become available;

•

the expected timing and significance around the announcement of safety, biologic activity and/or any additional clinical data from our DesCAARTesTM trial, MusCAARTesTM trial or our planned clinical trials for CABA-201;

•

the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates, including DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201, DSG3/1-CAART and PLA2R-CAART, in any of the indications for which we plan to develop them, and any related restrictions, limitations, and/or warnings in the label of an approved product candidate;

•

our expectations for the tolerability and clinical activity of CABA-201 and ability to advance this product candidate through our license agreement with Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., or IASO;

•

the impact of any business interruptions to our operations, including the timing and enrollment of patients in our ongoing and planned clinical trials and our planned Investigational New Drug application submissions, or to those of our clinical sites, manufacturers, suppliers, or other vendors resulting from public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

our expected use of proceeds from the initial public offering and from sales of our common stock in “at-the-market” offerings and other offerings, and the period over which such proceeds, together with existing cash, will be sufficient to meet our operating needs;

•

our plans to pursue research and development of other product candidates;

•

our plan to infuse our DSG3-CAART product candidate without lymphodepletion or other preconditioning agents initially in our DesCAARTesTM trial, and our plan to implement a cohort where a preconditioning regimen with a lymphodepleting agent and an immunomodulatory agent will be administered in the DesCAARTesTM and MusCAARTesTM trial;

•

the potential advantages of our proprietary Cabaletta Approach for B cell Ablation platform, called our CABATM platform, and our product candidates;

•

the extent to which our scientific approach and CABATM platform may potentially address a broad range of diseases;

•

the potential benefits and success of our arrangements with the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, or Penn, and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, or CHOP;

•

our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, including DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201 and our other product candidates;

•

the potential receipt of revenue from future sales of DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201 and our other product candidates, if approved;

•

the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201 and our other product candidates;

•

our estimates regarding the potential market opportunity for DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201 and our other product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;

•

our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and strategy, whether alone or with potential future collaborators;

•

our ability to establish and maintain arrangements or a facility for manufacture of DSG3-CAART, MuSK-CAART, CABA-201 and our other product candidates;

•

our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to initiate and complete our DesCAARTesTM trial, our MusCAARTesTM trial, our planned clinical trials of CABA-201 and our ongoing preclinical studies of other product candidates;

•

the potential achievement of milestones and receipt of payments under our collaborations;

•

our ability to enter into additional collaborations with existing collaborators or other third parties;

•

our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates and our ability to operate our business without infringing on the intellectual property rights of others;

•

the success of competing therapies that are or become available, and our competitive position;

•

the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

•

the impact of government laws and regulations in the United States and foreign countries; and

•

our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel.

These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we undertake no obligations to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. Therefore, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Condensed Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Assets	(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	128,072		$	81,607
Short-term investments		48,256			24,940
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,244			2,287
Total current assets		177,572			108,834
Property and equipment, net		2,303			2,578
Operating lease right-of-use assets		4,077			4,991
Other assets		685			565
Total Assets	$	184,637		$	116,968
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,341		$	2,463
Accrued and other current liabilities		3,959			4,847
Operating lease liabilities, current portion		2,182			2,179
Total current liabilities		8,482			9,489
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		2,014			2,959
Total Liabilities		10,496			12,448
Commitments and contingencies (see Notes 5 and 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value: 10,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; no shares issued or outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—			—
Voting and non-voting common stock, $0.00001 par value: 150,000,000 (143,590,481 voting and 6,409,519 non-voting) shares authorized as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 39,793,682 (37,932,923 voting and 1,860,759 non-voting) shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 29,445,134 (27,584,375 voting and 1,860,759 non-voting) shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022		—			—
Additional paid-in capital		370,047			270,129
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(3	)		(47	)
Accumulated deficit		(195,903	)		(165,562	)
Total stockholders’ equity		174,141			104,520
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	184,637		$	116,968

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	11,797		$	9,514		$	24,232		$	18,684
General and administrative		4,093			3,546			8,614			7,375
Total operating expenses		15,890			13,060			32,846			26,059
Loss from operations		(15,890	)		(13,060	)		(32,846	)		(26,059	)
Other income:
Interest income		1,403			150			2,505			203
Net loss	$	(14,487	)	$	(12,910	)	$	(30,341	)	$	(25,856	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Net unrealized loss (income) on available-for-sale investments, net of tax		(3	)		(97	)		44			(249	)
Net comprehensive loss	$	(14,490	)	$	(13,007	)	$	(30,297	)	$	(26,105	)
Net loss per share of voting and non-voting common stock, basic and diluted	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.45	)	$	(0.81	)	$	(0.89	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance—December 31, 2021		28,927,129	$	—	$	230,543	$	—		$	(112,587	)	$	117,956
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,811		—			—			1,811
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—		(152	)		—			(152	)
Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of stock options		50,000		—		51		—			—			51
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(12,946	)		(12,946	)
Balance—March 31, 2022		28,977,129	$	—	$	232,405	$	(152	)	$	(125,533	)	$	106,720
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,777		—			—			1,777
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—		(97	)		—			(97	)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		36,866		—		40		—			—			40
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(12,910	)		(12,910	)
Balance—June 30, 2022		29,013,995	$	—	$	234,222	$	(249	)	$	(138,443	)	$	95,530

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Common Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance—December 31, 2022		29,445,134	$	—	$	270,129	$	(47	)	$	(165,562	)	$	104,520
Stock-based compensation		—		—		2,480		—			—			2,480
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—		47			—			47
Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of stock options		84,264		—		458		—			—			458
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of pre-funded warrants		1,811,591		—		—		—			—			—
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(15,854	)		(15,854	)
Balance—March 31, 2023		31,340,989	$	—	$	273,067	$	—		$	(181,416	)	$	91,651
Stock-based compensation		—		—		2,803		—			—			2,803
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $6,295		8,337,500		—		93,755		—						93,755
Issuance of common stock in connection with exercise of stock options		107,122		—		390		—			—			390
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		8,071		—		32		—			—			32
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—		(3	)		—			(3	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(14,487	)		(14,487	)
Balance—June 30, 2023		39,793,682	$	—	$	370,047	$	(3	)	$	(195,903	)	$	174,141

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(30,341	)	$	(25,856	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		5,283			3,588
Depreciation		735			457
Non-cash lease expense		915			—
Accretion of lease liabilities		198			—
Amortization of discount on investments		(186	)		(122	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,043			380
Other assets		(120	)		(608	)
Accounts payable		(145	)		(162	)
Accrued and other current liabilities		(740	)		(2,012	)
Lease liabilities		(1,139	)		—
Net cash used in operating activities		(24,497	)		(24,335	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(437	)		(1,045	)
Purchases of investments		(48,085	)		(49,764	)
Proceeds from maturities of investments		25,000			—
Net cash used in investing activities		(23,522	)		(50,809	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs		93,604			—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options		848			51
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		32			40
Net cash provided by financing activities		94,484			91
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		46,465			(75,053	)
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period		81,607			122,222
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period	$	128,072		$	47,169
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Issuance costs included in accrued expenses	$	142		$	—
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable	$	23		$	416

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

CABALETTA BIO, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

1. Basis of Presentation

Cabaletta Bio, Inc. (the Company or Cabaletta) was incorporated in April 2017 in the State of Delaware as Tycho Therapeutics, Inc. and, in August 2018, changed its name to Cabaletta Bio, Inc. The Company is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cabaletta is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of engineered T cell therapies for autoimmune diseases. Principal operations commenced in April 2018.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company does not expect to generate revenue from sales of engineered T cell therapies for autoimmune diseases or any other revenue unless and until the Company completes preclinical and clinical development and obtains regulatory approval for one or more product candidates. If the Company seeks to obtain regulatory approval for any of its product candidates, the Company expects to incur significant commercialization expenses.

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. As a result, the Company is unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if the Company will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Further, the Company is dependent on third parties including Penn and certain Penn-affiliated entities for certain research and development activities, including manufacturing services (Note 5 and Note 6). Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. Even if the Company is able to generate revenues from the sale of its product candidates, if approved, it may not become profitable. If the Company fails to become profitable or is unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then it may be unable to continue its operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce its operations.

Liquidity

The Company has sustained annual operating losses since inception and expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. The Company’s ultimate success depends on the outcome of its research and development activities. The Company had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $176,328 as of June 30, 2023. Through June 30, 2023, the Company has incurred an accumulated deficit of $195,903. Management expects to incur additional losses in the future as it continues its research and development and will need to raise additional capital to fully implement its business plan and to fund its operations.

The Company intends to raise such additional capital through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government funding arrangements, strategic alliances or other sources. However, if such financing is not available at adequate levels and on a timely basis, or such agreements are not available on favorable terms, or at all, as and when needed, the Company will need to reevaluate its operating plan and may be required to delay or discontinue the development of one or more of its product candidates or operational initiatives. The Company expects that its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as of June 30, 2023, will be sufficient to fund its projected operations for at least 12 months following the date the Company files this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC regarding interim financial reporting. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification and Accounting Standards Updates (ASU) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). As permitted under these rules, certain footnotes and other financial information that are normally required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments (which consist primarily of accruals and estimates that impact the financial statements) considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2023 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. The balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. The unaudited interim financial statements, presented herein, do not contain the required disclosures under GAAP for annual financial statements. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements, which are included in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023 (2022 Annual Report).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying financial statements include, but are not limited to, the valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets and certain accruals. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Off-Balance Sheet Risk and Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk, consist of cash and cash equivalents, which are invested in U.S. treasury-based money market funds, and available-for-sale debt securities, which are invested in U.S. treasury securities. A portion of the Company’s cash is maintained at two federally insured financial institutions. The deposits held at these institutions are in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk. The cash in these accounts is or will be set up to be swept daily into U.S. treasury-based money market funds. The Company has no off‑balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no significant changes to the Company’s accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in Note 2 of the “Notes to the Financial Statements” in the Company’s audited financial statements included in its 2022 Annual Report.

Fair Value Measurement

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs such as unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the JOBS Act). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

3. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of financial instruments

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s financial instruments included cash and cash equivalents, available-for-sale debt securities, accounts payable and accrued expenses. The carrying amounts reported in the Company's financial statements for cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:


	June 30, 2023
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	128,072	$	128,072	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments:
U.S. Treasury securities		48,256		—		48,256		—
Total	$	176,328	$	128,072	$	48,256	$	—

December 31, 2022

Total

Quoted
Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

Financial assets

Cash and Cash equivalents:

Money market funds

81,607